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Essay Writing Service From Top

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Looking Out for Number One T.H. Breen - Free Essay Example

Bri Swartley An Analysis of Looking Out for Number One: Conflicting Cultural Values in Early Seventeenth-Century Virginia by: T. H. Breen I believe what Breen is trying to say in his essay is that the Englishmen that came to Virginia were very different from the settlers of other colonies and they had a much different society develop than what was typical in the other colonies. They were a highly individualistic society. Breen believes that the personalities of those who came to Virginia were, in part what caused Virginias society to become so individualistic. Being so individualistic didnt exactly work out so well for the structure of society or the well being of the colonists. Breen says that the first people to come to Virginia were â€Å"in no way a random sample of seventeenth-century English society† (23). Here hes trying to say that the people of Virginia do not reflect the same ideals and values of England. Most of the people that came to Virginia were fresh out of the wars in Ireland or were roughnecks or sea captains looking to get rich quick in Virginia. Breen describes the colonists that came to Jamestown as tough, individualistic, and willing to exploit people and resources (24). The people of Virginia were willing to do whatever it took to make a quick buck. They exploited the land for tobacco and exploited the use of indentured servants and later slavery to do their work for them. The people that colonized Virginia did not live close together like inhabitants of most other colonies. This was as Breen put it a â€Å"cultural phenomena† (25). I think he means that the people were physically seperated and this led to more and more feelings of individualism because unlike in other colonies the people were not able to have much of a feel for community or group preservation even. They were merely interested in taking care of themselves. It was more than just an individualistic approach, there was definitely amoney-above-all ideology in the colony of Virginia. The people of Virginia were obsessed with making a profit. They were highly competitive with each other. Virginians did not want to take the time away from tobacco farming long enough to help protect their colony because they were concerned that their neighbors would take advantage of their absence to get ahead. (29) The lack of being able to come together and form a military hurt Virginians by leaving them vulnerable to attack by Native American peoples. The Virginian colonists were so caught up in just farming tobacco and protecting themselves that they didnt have any formal military. The people didnt see the point in defending others and thought that everyone should simply defend their own land. This left them open to being taken advantage of by privitized military groups looking to make a profit. (30). Also in trying to be more individualistic it actually made Virginia need to be more dependent on England to support them by sending troups. (32) 3. I believe that the essay is more connected to the text rather than a contradiction but I did find a few contradictions. In the text it talks about how by 1624 tobacco was producing big profits for landowners who could grow it (59). The people coming to Virginia were looking to make a profit on tobacco and most of them were men, and the ever growing need for labor was met mostly with male indentured servants. There was a very unbalanced male:female ratio in Virginia that made it difficult to sustain the highly family centered existence found in the other colonies. The text also talks about how after being attacked by Opechancanough the colonists of Virginia â€Å"organized themselves into military bands† (58). I find this hard to believe based on Breens essay because he talks explicitly about how the society was so individualistic and competitive that the people did not want to serve in a military and were more interested in protecting their estates on their own. Another thing I thought was connected was how Breen talked about how the people of Virginia were more than willing to exploit labor for a profit so it makes sense how the text says that Virginia had an extremely large slave population once slavery became more of a common occurance. Virginia had a slave population of 187,600 in 1770 (135). This number is more than double that of any other colony at the time. 4. I do agree with Breens point of view and for the most part it agrees with our text. I would probably be more likely to agree with Breen that the people of Virginia did not form a military band and fight back against the Indians especially how the text talks about Indians remaining a strong presence. It wouldnt make much sense for the Indians to remain a strong presence if they are constantly being attacked by the settlers. I think the reason that the Indians stayed around is because Virginia was not effectively fighting them off because they didnt have any type of formalized military, or formalized anything for that matter, not even schools. 5. Slavery in New York City, 1731 ALAW For Regulating Negroes and Slaves in the Night Time I dont think that this document had too much to do with Breens essay Looking Out For Number One but rather it comes slightly later. I do think that the drastic rise in slave labor shows how Virginia was willing to exploit people in order to turn a profit and how it would be necessary for them to enact laws regulating the liberties of slaves to keep them from rising up when the population of Africans is roughly 42% of the total population. Recollections of the Middle Passage, 1788 Again I dont think this has much to do with Looking Out for Number One but it does tell in graphic detail the hardships that colonists were willing to put other humans through for their own benefit. Virginia, A Troubled Colony, 1622 Okay, I know it said to use documents from chapter 3 but this was the only document I found entirely relevant so I decided to include it as well. It talks about how the housing is the worst the author has ever seen and how the houses are spaced at a distance from each other and how it leaves them very vulnerable to attack by Indians. The city itself had no walls or fortification and the attempts at fortification that the colony had made were not even serviceable for the most part. The document talks about how the colonists are charging each other inflated prices for their food. It seems to me that it correlated with what Breen is saying in how there is no real sense of community so the colonists of Virginia would charge their neighbor the same rate they would probably charge England. I also think that most of their time was spent trying to produce exports for profit that they did not spend as much time creating a surplus of food for harsh winters and probably suffered during that time.

Using YouTube in the ESL Classroom

YouTube and other video sites, such as Google Video and Vimeo, are highly popular, especially with young adults. These sites also provide English learners and ESL classes with tools to improve listening skills. The advantage of these sites from a language learning point of view is that they offer examples of everyday English used by everyday people. Students can spend hours watching videos in English and quickly improve their pronunciation and comprehension skills.  There also are specific English learning videos. Using YouTube in the ESL classroom can be fun and helpful, but there must be structure. Otherwise, class might become a free-for-all. A potential downside is that some YouTube videos have poor sound quality, bad pronunciation, and slang, which can make them difficult to understand and less useful in an ESL classroom. On the other hand, students are attracted to the real life nature of these videos. By carefully selecting well-made YouTube videos and creating context, you can help your students explore a world of online English learning possibilities. Heres how you can use YouTube videos in your ESL class: Finding an Appropriate Topic Pick a topic that your class would enjoy. Poll the students or choose a topic yourself that fits in with your curriculum. Select a video and save the URL. If you do not have an Internet connection in class, try  Keepvid,  a site that allows you to download videos to your computer. Preparing  for Class Watch the video a few times and create a guide to any difficult vocabulary. Prepare  a short introduction. The more context you provide, the better your ESL students will understand the video.  Include your introduction, the  vocabulary list, and  the URL (web page address) of the YouTube video on a class handout. Then create a short quiz based on the video. Administering the Exercise Distribute copies of the handout. Go over the introduction and difficult vocabulary list to make sure everyone understands what will happen. Then watch the video as a class. This will work better if you have access to a computer lab, so students can watch the video repeatedly. Students then can work on the quiz sheet in small groups or in pairs. Following Up on the Exercise Most likely, students will enjoy the video and will want to watch more. Encourage this. If possible, give students 20 minutes or so at the computers to explore YouTube. For homework, assign your ESL students to groups of four or five and ask each group to find a short video to present to the class. Ask them to provide an introduction, a difficult vocabulary list, the URL of their video, and a follow-up quiz modeled on the worksheet you created. Have each student group exchange worksheets with another group and complete the exercise. Afterward, students can compare notes on the YouTube videos they watched.

Entering The Foster Care System At The Age Of Nine

â€Å"From what we get, we can make a living; what we give, however, makes a life† (Arthur Ashe). Entering the foster care system at the age of nine became a probability. Mental health issues and imprisonment plagued my parents, resulting in my removal from their care. There were no direct family members that were willing to care for myself except my aunt. My case worker conducted a home visit and she brought by a piggy bank made out of a sock. It must have been around Christmas time. That memory is the only memory I have of my case worker. From that day onward, I told myself that I would become a social worker. I told myself that I would become a better social worker than the one assigned to myself. I had no understanding of the stressful†¦show more content†¦Physically attending classes, in a classroom setting, was turning out to not be a possibility for myself. The opportunity presented itself when I learned that FSU offered online classes. Additionally, to the afo rementioned, I love the social work/social service field! To help others has been a passion of mine for years and I know that I have chosen the field that I am destined to be in. The social work field has been a consistent portion of my life for the past six years. I was employed by the Mental Health Resource Center (MHRC) from 2011-2016. From 2011-2014, I worked as a case manager. In this capacity, I worked with families who had children removed because of abuse, neglect, and abandonment. My goal was to recommend services which would alleviate the reasons for removal. However, if the parents did not show any behavior change and were not successful in completing their court ordered tasks, we would have to change our goals to what was in the best interest of the child. In addition to recommending services, I ensured that children received therapeutic intervention, had visitations with their family at least three times a week, transported my clients to appointments, enrolled children in school, prepared court documents, requested records, and documented my efforts to reunify. From 2014-2016, I was promoted to supervisor. My unit consisted of five case managers and a case coordinator. My role was to guide, teach, andShow MoreRelatedFoster Care Literature Review882 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Foster care is a growing epidemic in the United States. Youth who are involved in foster care are more likely to have contact with the criminal justice system, become addicts, and not be able to find employment. As a society we try to care for the child as best as we can. The average cost to help provide for a child is roughly $11,000 per year. The rate of a child being neglected in foster care is much higher than a child living with biological parents that’s being neglected. A childRead MoreChild Welfare And The Foster Care System Essay1623 Words   |  7 Pageswere in foster care, but a series of successful reforms, began with that year s Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act, dramatically decreased the number of children in foster care. But in the early 1990s, with the advent of crack cocaine and an economic recession numbers went back up. Child welfare advocates say the foster care system is in need of changes so that children spend less time in foster placements America’s child welfare systems needs an improvement. Some children in care will beRead MoreThe U.S. Census reported that 1.6 million individuals under the age of 18 were arrested in 2010, a700 Words   |  3 PagesThe U.S. Census reported that 1.6 million individuals under the age of 18 were arrested in 2010, a substantial increase from previous years (OJJDP, 2012; US Census Bureau, 2012). Of those individuals detained, over nine percent were convicted as juveniles and entered into a juvenile detention facility (Risler, 2009). Approximately 500,000 children are currently in the foster care system, while almost 300,000 have medical problems, have neurological impairs, and developmental delays (Earls, 2013)Read MoreThe Problem Of Child Welfare Agencies Essay2171 Words   |  9 Pagesaffecting children who are increasing entering into the system and their families. One of the main problems that children and their families are facing is the attention, services and resources to strengthening their family and the decline in foster care for children who needs adequate care. Sacramento, California has seen a drastic drop of children in the foster care for the past decade, but there has also been a decline in need for high quality foster care parents (Gutierrez, (2013). California’sRead MoreFoster Care : A Major Impact On Children And Adolescents2367 Words   |  10 Pages Foster care has a major impact on children and adolescents. There are several areas of a child’s life that is affected by being placed in foster care. When children and adolescent enter into foster care due to abuse or neglect their world can change for better or for worse. A child’s experience before entering foster care predetermines their behavior(s) that will occur while in foster care. Often time’s children have to deal with these life changing events due to a mistake that their parent/guardianRead MoreChildren s Child Welfare Reform Essay1905 Words   |  8 Pages000 children were in foster care, but a series of successful reforms began with that year s Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act which dramatically decreased the number of children in foster care. But in the early 1990s, with the advent of crack cocaine and an economic recession numbers went back up. Child welfare advocates said that the foster care system was in need of changes so that child ren spend less time in foster placements and that America’s child welfare system needed an improvementRead MoreUnited States Federal Child Welfare Policy Essay2024 Words   |  9 PagesConnections to Success and Increasing Adoptions Act of 2008. Youth involved with the Child Welfare System are among the country s most vulnerable population and state continued funding is needed for successful transition into adulthood. This act was put into law to allow states options of extending services and financial assistance programs to service the children and families within the Child Welfare System. The objective of this policy is to strengthen programs for youth in transition, establish permanentRead MoreYoung Child Should Not Be A Permanent Mother Substitute Essay2118 Words   |  9 PagesAs of 2006, approximately 1.5% of urban infants in the US were in foster care (Cole, 2006). This is a system and a lifestyle that will likely affect the rest of their lives via developmental and relational problems, for the most part against their will. John Bowlby, one of the main scientists behind Attachment Theory once wrote about forming a secure attachment â€Å"the infant and young child should experience a warm, intimate, and continuous relationship with his mother (or permanent mother substitute)Read MoreA Study Of Intactness Of Adoptive Families And Behavioral Problems Of Older Children4176 Words   |  17 PagesCalifornia Riverside â€Æ' Abstract The older adopted child is a unique case of adoption where the child is of school age. The definition of what constitutes a case of older child adoption has changed numerous times over 20th century, but school age is currently the definition for an older child. This means children as early as five years old are considered difficult to place due to their age. Children who are considered a difficult placement are classified as special needs, even if they may or may notRead MoreEssay on Literature Review: Nurse Retention 1377 Words   |  6 PagesWith the ongoing changes in the healthcare field, nursing workforce retention presents itself as one of the greatest challenges facing healthcare systems today. According to the American Nursing Association, nursing turnover is a multi-faceted issue which impacts the financial stability of the facility, the quality of patient care and has a direct affect on the other members of the nursing staff (ANA, 2014). The cost to replace a nurse in a h ealthcare facility ranges between $62,100 to $67,100 (ANA

Tesco Globalization in Pestel Framework free essay sample

Framework Political Factors Tesco is currently serving people in 14 countries across the world. The global operationsof the company make it vulnerable to the political and legal frameworks of these countries whichcan impact the market position of the company. There are large numbers of legislations passed by the governments regarding the employment of their own citizens (Balchin, 1994). The government of the countries these days pressurizes the company to offer job opportunitiesranging from flexible to highly paid skilled jobs to their citizens.Tesco has to meet the governmental and demographic requirements of these countries byemploying large numbers of local citizens including students, disabled, women and elderlyworkers to effectively meet the regulations related to employment. Economic Factors The economic factors hold importance for the companies operating in the diverselocations. These factors can have direct influence on the business operations, customer buying,demand, cost of production and services, revenues and prices of the merchandise.Moreover, thehigh rate of unemployment in the country decreases demand for large number of goods and themanufacturing capabilities of the companies. We will write a custom essay sample on Tesco Globalization in Pestel Framework or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These factors influencing the business capabilities of a company are outside its control but the effects of these factors on a firm ¶s performance can be severe. The international businessof Tesco is still growing and generating revenue but the company is mainly dependent on theeconomy of UK. So if there is any fluctuation in the economy and the markets of UK, Tesco willlikely to be among the suffering companies. Social Factors According to Clarke et al (1994) and Data monitor Report (2003), the current shift in theBritish customer buying trends has impacted the business of various firms. The currentcustomers are usually availing bulk purchase options from one single retailer one stop option? which is mainly due to the social changes in the culture. Tesco is more on nonfood items in itsstores than the food items. There are also demographic shifts in the country including aging people, increased rate of female workers and a declining ratio of home cooked food items.Thissocial change has led the retailers in United Kingdom to focus more on the products and servicesto meet customer requirements. Similarly the retailers are more focusing on their private label products than offering the other brands as well as on the distribution networks and other operational improvements. Likewise, the customers are now more interested of the products andservices that meet the health care requisites. Technological Factors Technology plays an important role in influencing the company ¶s performance and itsmanufacturing capabilities.Tesco employs latest technological advancements for the retail business and other services it offers. The latest technologies facilitate the customers and thecompany both. According to the Data Monitor Report (2003) the customers feel great ease andsatisfaction due to the availability of more personalized and convenient shopping services whichis mainly due to the technological advancements employed at shopping arenas. The latesttechnologies employed by Tesco include wireless equipment, intelligent scale, and electronicsystem of product labeling, as well as Radi o Frequency Identification system (Tesco, 2011). According to Finch (2004) technologies like electronic point of sale has enhanced thequality of services and the operational and business capabilities of the companies by increasingthe efficient distribution and inventory systems. Environmental Factors There is a great deal of pressure on the companies to comply with the environmental laws and to understand their responsibility towards the society (Lindgreen and Hingley, 2003). The corporate social responsibility of the company states that Tesco tries to adopt business practicethat helps the societies in development (Johnson Scholes, 2003).In 2003 the government of United Kingdom has launched a new strategy that is based on the sustainability of consumption and the production procedures by cutting the level of wastes, reducing the amount of resources consumed and minimizing the damage the toxic waste has been causing to the environment. Moreover, a new resolution was passed by the government for the advertisement of processed and fa tty products which has directly impacted the Tesco’s product ranges and led it to adapt its product offerings which has in turn affected its relationship with the suppliers and the end users (Graiser Scott, 2004).

NCAA Tournament Essays - , Term Papers, Research Papers

NCAA Tournament Do you know what time it is? It's March Madness, the NCAA Mens Basketball Tournament. The time of the year when you see commercials on CBS announcing the Road to the Final Four, the pinnacle of the college basketball year. Each year 64 teams vie for a spot in the Final Four. Teams from the East, Midwest, Southwest, and West all compete for one spot from each division. The teams that play for one of these spots can be classified into four different groups. The Number 1 through 4 seeds, the Cinderella teams, the Bubble teams and the One Hit Wonders. The Number 1 through 4 seeds make up 1/4 of the tournament. These teams are the strongest teams in the nation and are usually figured to go to the Final Four. The teams ranked Number 1 in their bracket have the best chance of going to the Final Four. Since 1980 at least one Number 1seed has gone to the Final Four. The number one seeded team has also never been beaten in the first round of the NCAA tournament. The teams that are 1 through 4 this year, and figure to be playing for the National Championship, are Kentucky, UMass, Purdue, Georgetown, Cincinnati, Utah, Villanova, and Arizona. All of these teams had to have had tremendous regular seasons and conference tournaments to be seeded so high. On the other hand a "Cinderella" team is a team that had a so-so regular season and upset a higher ranked team in their conference tournament. They ride that wave of momentum into the Field of 64 and hope to upset another higher ranked team in the first and second rounds. These teams usually don't last farther than the Sweet Sixteen where their season usually comes to an end. Teams that can be classified into this group are the 10 through 14 seeds. Teams that fall into this category are Clemson, Virginia Commonwealth, Austin Peay, Cansius, and Santa Clara. Out of these "Cinderella" teams, many of them were teams "on the Bubble." These teams finished with a so-so regular season also but also had a so-so conference tournament. They had to sweat it out and hope for other teams to falter and the selection committee to be generous for these teams to make it. Once in the tournament these teams can be transformed into a Cinderella team by beating two higher seeded teams. Teams "on the Bubble" are ranked 7 through 9. The teams that can be classified into this category or groupings are Michigan, Stanford, Bradley, Wisconsin-Green Bay, and Eastern Michigan. That leaves the last grouping of teams. The One Hit Wonders. Their describes them perfectly. They usually upset one team then bow out of the tourney in the second round. The teams in this category might prematurely be labeled a "Cinderella" team, but after exiting the tournament in the second round they cannot be given this title. These teams can be ranked anywhere from 6 through 15. Teams from this group are Mississippi Valley, Louisville, Iowa, Indiana, Princeton, and Monmouth. So as one can see there are many different ways to view the teams from the Field of 64. From the Number 1's through Number 4's to the One-Hit Wonders there are many teams with a shot at winning the NCAA National Championship. You might ask, "Which team do you feel will win the National Championship?" I feel the National Championship will go to the Georgetown Hoyas ( a Number 2 seed ) out of the East.

GDP Measure essays

GDP Measure essays The GDP is not a sufficient gauge of how the nation's economy is doing. The GDP is a sum of the monetary value of what has been produced in the nation in the past year. The formula for calculating the GDP ignores a large percentage of the activities that transpire in the nation's economy. The formula ignores several things as work done in the home and activities in the underground economy. In general, the GDP includes several items that in reality do not indicate the nation's economic level while excluding a large proportion of the activities of the nation. The GDP does not include several things that greatly affect the nation's economic standings. The formula does not consider these things simply because they cannot be measured with any accuracy. The work done in the home affects the welfare of the economy because it takes time to care for a house, time that an individual could be working. So in essence, an individual pays himself or herself to for housework. Also, the underground economy encompasses a considerable amount of the transactions in the economy. This underground economy consists of illicit transactions and the legal ones that cannot be traced. GDP does not include the ecological damage rendered every day by humanity. The pollution caused by everyday life such as trash and the pollution caused by factories and such all dampers the economic standings of a nation. While several immeasurable items are left out of the calculation of GDP, a few things are included that do not necessarily need top be. When a disaster strikes a co mmunity, the costs of rebuilding are counted in the GDP. They should be counted because it causes work for some but it also is hurting others. In summation, GDP is not a competent ranking of the nation's economic standings. In the determine of GDP, there are too many items left out of the formula and one too many to give a accurate description of the economy's well-being. ...

The roles of diverse schools in America Term Paper

The roles of diverse schools in America - Term Paper Example Educating children, belonging to different cultural backgrounds, is crucial and special efforts need to be carried out in order to educate them as their future and career is at stake. For the sake our discussion, I will shed some light on the roles of diverse schools in America. Role of any school in treating and educating children, belonging from different backgrounds, is of extreme importance. A country having many states, and is populated by people from different backgrounds, cannot overlook this aspect while educating children. Managing diversity requires serious and sincere efforts on part of schools. Children cannot feel motivated and encouraged until and unless they have a sense of worth in them. When they feel that they are considered important, even if they belong to minority groups, only then they strive hard towards achieving their targets. Thus, this thing takes us to the point that one of the roles of schools in America is to manage diversity. There are few underlying concepts that need to be addressed while talking about roles of diverse schools in America. At the start of 20th century, there occurred a gender gap in attainment of education, with women striving more towards acquiring higher education than men in US (Lopez, 2002). However, race and gender differences are not biological, rather they arise because of difference in perceptions, experiences and response of a particular minority group towards another. Statistics have shown that by 2007, this gender gap in attaining education reached to a level of 2.3 million with 9.6 million women and only 6.3 million men that were enrolled in college. However, incorporating the racial aspect it was observed that this trend of acquiring higher education was more common in â€Å"white† women than their male counterparts. Similarly, talking about African- American population, women were double the times the

An evaluation of the effectiveness of security program for sensitive Dissertation

An evaluation of the effectiveness of security program for sensitive government buildings - Dissertation Example Some interesting cases studies as National Assembly for Wales, Cardiff , Corporation of London and Cabot Circus Shopping Center. Those examples proved the efficiency of the RIBA guidance in counter-terrorism measures. As recommended by RIBA architects and engineers should develop efficient security features with minimal cost extra. Therefore is important to valuate the security program costs. Kovacich and Halibozek in their book: â€Å" Security Management: How to manage the cost of an assets protection program† developed a powerful tool for security professionals setting out to design cost-effective programs. Finally and based on the previous research were suggested recommendations to improve the security of sensitive government buildings in OMAN. Risk Factors Abkowitz defines risk factors as the elements which are at the source of the disasters. These elements are classified in 10 basic risk factors: . Design and construction flaws: these flaws are related to the design spec ification in building or major facilities construction. . Deferred maintenance: related to the use of the operation/building. Flaws during this stage should be prevented. Unfortunately it doesn’t happen so often. ... . Schedule constraints: the control of the project schedule is also very important. Sometimes in order to accomplish a deadline some tasks are eliminated or some details are devalued. It can lead to error and sometimes to destructive outcome. . Inadequate training: In some kind of tasks the individual training is critical for a correct performance. Some organizations don’t invest as they should in the training of the employees. Therefore some flaws can occur. . Not following the procedures: this risk factor relates to the failing to follow procedure. In some organization the individual task is very well defined and documented by a procedure. When the procedure is not accomplished it can cause operational flaws. . Communication failure: this flaw is related to the communication between members of the same organization, between different organizations or between the organization and the public. . Arrogance: can lead into human flaw by underestimating the risk and can drive to in secure situations. Arrogance can appear also at the institutional level. At this level the arrogance is reflected in the culture of the organization. . Stifling political agendas: The governmental policies can lead into some risk. The political agendas are associated with the Terrorism. But the risk is not limited to the terrorist attacks. (Abkowitz, 2008). Contemporary Threats and Risk Management Nowadays the concept of security has been developed to a complex arena, including issues of health and safety, and components of risk evaluation and management, paying attention to a broader array of risks (forgeries, terrorism, emergency situations). Button in his work identifies the the pluralisation of security as one of the main trends security management ( Button, 2008).

Wilhelm Wundt Essay Example for Free

Wilhelm Wundt Essay Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt born on August 16th, 1832 in the German State of Baden was a philosopher, physician, professor and psychologist, and is considered by many as the â€Å"founder of modern psychology† or the â€Å"father of experimental psychology†. His contribution to psychology on a whole is noted favourably among modern psychologists; however, his labeling hence contribution to psychology as a science has distinguished him from many other prominent figures in the domain of psychology. He established the first laboratory committed exclusively to psychological research at the University in Leipzig, expanded experimental psychology as an established school of thought, developed the method of introspection which became the basis of the modern scientific method, wrote books and volumes of journals which channelled the spread of experimental psychology, and influenced different schools of thought such as structuralism and voluntarism. These were the major results of his efforts to pursue the study of human behavior in a systematic and scientific manner and his goal to establish psychology as a unique categorical science. Wundt, raised in a suburb called Neckarau, was the son of a Lutheran minister and grew up in an environment in which there were many scholars and intellectuals as both his parents’ families were made up of scholarly individuals such as historians, theologians, physicians and scientists. He therefore had a studious childhood and his education became solely the responsibility of his father’s assistant. His formal education began at the University of Tubingen, however, after staying for just one year he transferred to the University of Heidelberg where he became one of the top medical students in his class, graduated summa cum laude, and placed first in the state medical board examination (B. R. Hergenhahn, 2009). After graduating with his medical degree, he went on to the University of Berlin where he spent a year and after returned to Heidelberg where he became the lab assistant of famous physiologist Hermann Ludwig von Helmholtz. It was during this tenure with von Helmholtz that Wundt began to develop his theory that psychology was a natural science. This influenced him to give lectures on his scientific approach to psychology and write his first book called Contributions to the Theory of Sensory Perception which in essence paved the way for his journey in proving psychology to be a science. Wundt remained at Heidelberg until 1874 when he got an offer to be a Professor of inductive philosophy at Zurich University in Switzerland. After staying there for a year he received an appointment to teach philosophy at the University of Leipzig back home in Germany which he accepted and stayed until his death in 1920. The scientific approach by Wundt had soon come to be known as ‘Wundtian psychology’ because of its difference from what is was known as before him. The roots of psychology are quite archaic and are in fact dated back centuries to the early Greeks such as Aristotle and Hippocrates who had contrasting views of whether the heart or the brain was the seat of the mind. Glassman Hadad (2009) believed that generally psychology emerged from two traditions: philosophy and the natural science. Philosophers were always interested in understanding the meaning of human experience and perception. This interest sparked several studies which â€Å"set the stage for the development of the sciences, including psychology, through their reliance on observation as a means of knowing their world† (Kasschau, 2003, p. 15). One such philosopher was John Locke who showed his interest in deliberating the role of learning in behaviour when he wrote his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, which was published in 1690. Seventeenth century philosophers had introduced and popularized the idea of dualism, the concept that the mind and body are separate and distinct. Another famous philosopher Rene Descartes agreed with this idea; however he purported that there was still some interaction between mind and body. He had a mechanistic view of a human behaviour and reasoned that the mind and body influence each other to create a person’s experiences. He saw the mind as controlling the body’s movements, sensations, and perceptions. The scientific interests of psychology can also be dated back thousands of years with physicians such as Galen and Hippocrates who propelled their views of brain function. One scientist who emphatically influenced psychology was Isaac Newton. His work in physics helped to develop a scientific ‘method’ â€Å"consisting of observation, the formulation of hypotheses designed to predict events and outcomes and the subsequent testing of these hypotheses through further observation† (Watts, 2010). These elements remain central to the scientific method that is generally used in psychology. Also having great impact on psychology was Newton’s application of those methods and his theory of mechanical determinism. It was therefore believed that sciences such as biology, chemistry, physics and physiology had influenced aspects of psychology. Basically psychology was a combination or hybrid of different scientific fields and philosophy and was not seen as a distinct science. Philosophers such as Galileo, August Comte and Immanuel Kant rejected psychology as a science because they believed that it was outside the realm of science. Comte is noted famously for his exclusion of psychology from the classification of sciences which he wrote about in one of his famous writings Course of Positive Philosophy. John Stuart Mill, who was deeply influenced by and admired by Comte and his writings, disagreed with this exclusion. Mill voiced his objection of this exclusion and was of the opinion that psychology could become a science which he stated in his System of Logic in 1843; however, it needed someone with the scholarship and knowledge of how observation and experiments are made. Although Mill was of this position he did not go as far as to try to achieve this goal and only talked about doing psychological experiments; but Wundt took up the responsibility and actually did them. Therefore it was in the late 1800s and early 1900s that was the time when psychology broke away from philosophy and became a separate field of study (Plotnik Kouyoumdjian, 2011). Wundt believed that experimentation could be used to study only the simple processes of the mind but could not be used to study the more complex mental processes; however he did propose that it could help in the understanding of the higher mental processes. George A. Miller (1998) states that â€Å"For Wundt, psychology involved the analysis of consciousness into elements, the determination of the manner in which these elements are connected, and the determination of the laws of connection. This conception he borrowed from the British empiricists. Just as chemists had analyzed matter into atoms and anatomists had analyzed living systems into cells, psychologists, he decided, must analyze mind into the elementary sensations and feelings that make it up†.

Consilience, by Wilson, Life is a Miracle by Berry and Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance by Pirsig :: Philosophy Term Research Papers

The Philosophy of Science in Consilience, by E. O. Wilson, Life is a Miracle by Wendell Berry and Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance by Robert Pirsig Introduction The plot where the fields of science, ethics and religion intersect is fertile for study, and the crops it yields often represent the finest harvest of an individualà ­s mind. In our time, modern philosophers of science have tilled this soil and reaped widely differing and important conclusions about the nature of humankind, its relationship to the natural world and the role that science should take in the discernment process. Through the comparison and contrasting of three important worldviewsà ³as expressed in Consilience, by E. O. Wilson, Life is a Miracle by Wendell Berry and Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance by Robert Pirsigà ³the seeds of philosophy and faith can be sown in the budding scientistà ­s psyche, and a bumper crop of beliefs cultivated. History of the Philosophy of Science The surest foundation for the origin of science in its practical form is to be found in the à ¬co–rdination and standardization of the knowledge of common sense and of industry.à ®[1] One of the first occurrences of this co–rdination can be traced back to 2500 BCE in the form of edicts from the ancient Babylonian rulers, who issued royal standards of length, weight and capacity. Non-Semitic Sumerians also laid down the elements of mathematics and geometry at that time, making use of fractions, decimals, circles and radial angles. But knowledge as we know it today was tightly woven with magical notions, and as both spread westward they instilled in European thought a reverence for à ¬special numbers, their connections to the gods and the application of geometrical diagrams to the prediction of the future.à ®[2] As well, the ancient Babylonians were fascinated by the heavens. They were the first to make a map of the stars and associate them with animals like the Ram, Crab and Scorpion, names that we still use to this day. They also realized the periodicity and reliability of astronomical movement and phenomena, and were soon able to predict many of them. Tablets have been found dating to the sixth century BCE that predicted the relative positions of the sun and moon, as well as forecasted the occurrences of eclipses.[3] Out of all this knowledge the Babylonians built up a fantastic system of astrology, through which the starsà ³which were thought to fix and foretell the course of human affairsà ³would give up their secrets. Consilience, by Wilson, Life is a Miracle by Berry and Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance by Pirsig :: Philosophy Term Research Papers The Philosophy of Science in Consilience, by E. O. Wilson, Life is a Miracle by Wendell Berry and Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance by Robert Pirsig Introduction The plot where the fields of science, ethics and religion intersect is fertile for study, and the crops it yields often represent the finest harvest of an individualà ­s mind. In our time, modern philosophers of science have tilled this soil and reaped widely differing and important conclusions about the nature of humankind, its relationship to the natural world and the role that science should take in the discernment process. Through the comparison and contrasting of three important worldviewsà ³as expressed in Consilience, by E. O. Wilson, Life is a Miracle by Wendell Berry and Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance by Robert Pirsigà ³the seeds of philosophy and faith can be sown in the budding scientistà ­s psyche, and a bumper crop of beliefs cultivated. History of the Philosophy of Science The surest foundation for the origin of science in its practical form is to be found in the à ¬co–rdination and standardization of the knowledge of common sense and of industry.à ®[1] One of the first occurrences of this co–rdination can be traced back to 2500 BCE in the form of edicts from the ancient Babylonian rulers, who issued royal standards of length, weight and capacity. Non-Semitic Sumerians also laid down the elements of mathematics and geometry at that time, making use of fractions, decimals, circles and radial angles. But knowledge as we know it today was tightly woven with magical notions, and as both spread westward they instilled in European thought a reverence for à ¬special numbers, their connections to the gods and the application of geometrical diagrams to the prediction of the future.à ®[2] As well, the ancient Babylonians were fascinated by the heavens. They were the first to make a map of the stars and associate them with animals like the Ram, Crab and Scorpion, names that we still use to this day. They also realized the periodicity and reliability of astronomical movement and phenomena, and were soon able to predict many of them. Tablets have been found dating to the sixth century BCE that predicted the relative positions of the sun and moon, as well as forecasted the occurrences of eclipses.[3] Out of all this knowledge the Babylonians built up a fantastic system of astrology, through which the starsà ³which were thought to fix and foretell the course of human affairsà ³would give up their secrets.

His notes

Over the last several years I have been working on and off award an additional degree in Education. I am currently working for the El Paso Independent School District as a classroom instructor, as well as a curriculum writer in US History. I look forward to having you in class. Course Description This course provides an overview of the principal cultural, political, and economic developments that shaped Western civilization from prehistory to the Middle Ages. It presents a framework for understanding current social experience by applying historical perspectives to contemporary issues.After the course, students will be able o use historical knowledge to solve contemporary issues. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materi als forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class.If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies overriding your current class modality. Course Materials The West: Encounters and Transformations, Combined Volume, e ISBN: 9780205947157 Author: nana Elevate Copyright Pearson Education, Inc. (2014) All electronic materials are available on the student website Week One: Prehistory and the Ancient World Details Due Points Objectives 1. 1 Explain the significance of the transition from the Paleolithic era to the Neolithic era. 1. 2 Compare the cultural, political, and economic developments of Mesopotamia and Egypt.Readings Read Chi. 1 The West: Encounters and Transformations, Combined Volume, e Read Unhistorical: Issue of the Day: From Hunter-gatherers to Food-producers – Overcoming Obstacles Read Unhistorical: Issue of the Day: Geography and Civilization: Egypt and Mesopotamia – Impact of Agriculture? Attendance & Participation Attendance & Participate in class discussion. 8/06 2 Talking Respond to weekly discussion questions. Choose 2 questions to answer and post each week by pm. Week 1 Talking Points What is an important discovery from prehistory? Why is it important?What are the differences between the Paleolithic and Neolithic eras? What is important about the development of human history when we consider the preferences between these two eras? How were the worldviews of the Mesopotamia and Egyptians similar? How were they different? What factors have influenced the way each of these cultures developed their worldviews? What kind of evidence do we have in order to comprehend prehistory and the ancient civilizations? Does the evidence offer a clear picture of these time periods? Why or why not? Which era of Egyptian history was the most successful?Why? Individual Prehistory and the Ancie nt Civilizations Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper in which you explain the significance of the ruinations of humankind from a hunter-gatherer society to a food-producing society. Include the following: A description of the Paleolithic era Events that transformed society from the Paleolithic era to the Neolithic era A description of Neolithic era An explanation of how the transition from Paleolithic to Neolithic was significant in the development of Mesopotamia and Egypt Format your paper consistent with PAP guidelines.Galoshes (before 2000 BCC)-?Earliest known fully-developed literary character )d First written language on cuneiform clay tablets )e Elaborate art work, mosaics (Standard of Our) )f First systematic polytheistic religion 01 Sights: goddess of love, fertility, and wars 02 Elaborate temple rituals in auguries 03 Religion in Sumerian Oh Sacred literature b Influence on Hebrew Bible )g Babylon under reign of Hamburg (1792-1750 BCC) – powerful cultural and political center 01 Code of Hamburg Oh Collection of laws b Earliest evidence of legal system Co Guarantees protection of slaves, women, and childrenOdd Governs complex Babylonian commerce system Oh Principle of Justice is retribution 02 Advancements in mathematics and astronomy 03 Jargon, king of Kodak – Most important figure in Mesopotamia history )2 Political and economic developments of Mesopotamia )a Several dynasties develop concept of monarchy )b Assyria (northern district of Sumerian)-?kings are chief priests )c Babylonian-?kings and priests have separate offices )d In later stages, influx and intermingling of various cultures, such as Hitters and Assyrian )e Expansion into Asia Minor, Syria, Persia, Palestine, and Egypt under

Galileo Galilei, Renaissance Philosopher and Inventor

Galileo Galilei (February 15, 1564–January 8, 1642) was a famous inventor, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher whose inventive mind and stubborn nature ran him into trouble with the Inquisition. Fast Facts: Galileo Galilei Known For: Italian Renaissance philosopher, inventor, and polymath who faced the wrath of the Inquisition for his astronomical studiesBorn: February 15, 1564 in Pisa, ItalyParents: Vincenzo and Giulia Ammannati Galilei (m. July 5, 1562)Died: January 8, 1642 in Arcetri, ItalyEducation: Privately tutored; Jesuit monastery, University of PisaPublished Works: The Starry MessengerSpouse: None; Marina Gamba, mistress (1600–1610)Children: Virginia (1600), Livia Antonia (1601), Vincenzo (1606) Early Life Galileo was born in Pisa, Italy on February 15, 1564, the oldest of seven children of Giulia Ammannati and Vincenzo Galilei. His father (c. 1525–1591) was a gifted lute musician and wool trader and wanted his son to study medicine because there was more money in that field. Vincenzo was attached to the court and was often traveling. The family was originally named Bonaiuti, but they had an illustrious ancestor named Galileo Bonaiuti  (1370–1450) who was a physician and public officer in Pisa. One branch of the family broke off and began calling itself Galilei (of Galileo), and so Galileo Galilei was doubly named after him. As a child, Galileo made mechanical models of ships and watermills, learned to play the lute to a professional standard, and showed an aptitude for painting and drawing. Originally tutored by a man named Jacopo Borghini, Galileo was sent to the Camaldlese monastery at Vallambroso to study grammar, logic, and rhetoric. He found the contemplative life to his liking, and after four years he joined the community as a novice. This was not exactly what his father had in mind, so Galileo was hastily withdrawn from the monastery. In 1581 at the age of 17, he entered the University of Pisa to study medicine, as his father wished. The University of Pisa At age 20, Galileo noticed a lamp swinging overhead while he was in a cathedral. Curious to find out how long it took the lamp to swing back and forth, he used his pulse to time large and small swings. Galileo discovered something that no one else had ever realized: the period of each swing was exactly the same. The law of the pendulum, which would eventually be used to regulate clocks, made Galileo Galilei instantly famous. Except for mathematics, Galileo was soon bored with the university and the study of medicine. Uninvited, he attended the lecture of court mathematician Ostilio Ricci—who had been assigned by the Duke of Tuscany to teach the court attendants in math, and Galileo was not one of those. Galileo followed up the lecture by reading Euclid on his own; he sent a set of questions to Ricci, the content of which greatly impressed the scholar. Galileos family considered his mathematical studies subsidiary to medicine, but when Vincenzo was informed that their son was in danger of flunking out, he worked out a compromise so that Galileo could be tutored in mathematics by Ricci full-time. Galileos father was hardly overjoyed about this turn of events because a mathematicians earning power was roughly around that of a musician, but it seemed that this might yet allow Galileo to successfully complete his college education. The compromise didnt work out, for Galileo soon left the University of Pisa without a degree. Becoming a Mathematician After he flunked out, Galileo started tutoring students in mathematics to earn a living. He did some experimenting with floating objects, developing a balance that could tell him that a piece of gold, for example, was 19.3 times heavier than the same volume of water. He also started campaigning for his lifes ambition: a position on the mathematics faculty at a major university. Although Galileo was clearly brilliant, he had offended many people in the field and they would choose other candidates for vacancies. Ironically, it was a lecture on literature that would turn Galileos fortunes. The Academy of Florence had been arguing over a 100-year-old controversy: what were the location, shape, and dimensions of Dantes Inferno? Galileo wanted to seriously answer the question from the point of view of a scientist. Extrapolating from Dantes line that the giant Nimrods face was about as long/and just as wide as St. Peters cone in Rome, Galileo deduced that Lucifer himself was 2,000 arm-lengths long. The audience was impressed, and within the year, Galileo had received a three-year appointment to the University of Pisa, the same university that never granted him a degree. The Leaning Tower of Pisa When Galileo arrived at the University, some debate had started up on one of Aristotles laws of nature: that heavier objects fell faster than lighter objects. Aristotles word had been accepted as gospel truth, and there had been few attempts to actually test Aristotles conclusions by actually conducting an experiment. According to legend, Galileo decided to try. He needed to be able to drop the objects from a great height. The perfect building was right at hand—the Tower of Pisa, which was 54 meters (177 feet) tall. Galileo climbed to the top of the building carrying a variety of balls of varying sizes and weights  and dumped them off the top. They all landed at the base of the building at the same time (legend says that the demonstration was witnessed by a huge crowd of students and professors). Aristotle was wrong. It might have helped the junior member of the faculty if Galileo had not continued to behave rudely toward his colleagues. Men are like wine flasks, he once said to a group of students, Look at†¦bottles with the handsome labels. When you taste them, they are full of air or perfume or rouge. These are bottles fit only to pee into! Perhaps not surprisingly, the University of Pisa chose not to renew Galileos contract. The University of Padua Galileo Galilei moved on to the University of Padua. By 1593, he was desperate and in need of additional cash. His father had died, so Galileo was now head of his family. Debts were pressing down on him, most notably the dowry for one of his sisters, which was to be paid in installments over decades. (A dowry could be thousands of crowns, and Galileos annual salary was 180 crowns.) Debtors prison was a real threat if Galileo returned to Florence. What Galileo needed was to come up with some sort of device that could make him a tidy profit. A rudimentary thermometer (which, for the first time, allowed temperature variations to be measured) and an ingenious device to raise water from aquifers found no market. He found greater success in 1596 with a military compass that could be used to accurately aim cannonballs. A modified civilian version that could be used for land surveying came out in 1597 and ended up earning a fair amount of money for Galileo. It helped his profit margin that the instruments were sold for three times the cost of manufacture, he offered classes on how to use the instrument, and the actual toolmaker was paid dirt-poor wages. Galileo needed the money to support his siblings, his mistress (21-year-old Marina Gamba), and his three children (two daughters and a boy). By 1602, Galileos name was famous enough to help bring in students to the University, where Galileo was busily experimenting with magnets. Building a Spyglass (Telescope) During a vacation to Venice in 1609, Galileo Galilei heard rumors that a Dutch spectacle-maker had invented a device that made distant objects seem near at hand (at first called the spyglass and later  renamed the  telescope). A patent had been requested, but not yet granted. The methods were being kept secret because it was obviously of tremendous military value for Holland. Galileo Galilei was determined to attempt to construct his own spyglass. After a frantic 24 hours of experimentation, working only on instinct and bits of rumors—he had never actually seen the Dutch spyglass—he built a three-power telescope. After some refinement, he brought a 10-power telescope to Venice and demonstrated it to a highly impressed Senate. His salary was promptly raised, and he was honored with proclamations. Galileos Observations of the Moon If he had stopped here and become a man of wealth and leisure, Galileo Galilei might be a mere footnote in history. Instead, a revolution started when, one fall evening, the scientist trained his telescope on an object in the sky that all people at that time believed must be a perfect, smooth, polished heavenly body—the moon. To his astonishment, Galileo Galilei viewed a surface that was uneven, rough, and full of cavities and prominences. Many people insisted that Galileo Galilei was wrong, including a mathematician who insisted that even if Galileo was seeing a rough surface on the Moon, that only meant that the entire moon had to be covered in invisible, transparent, smooth crystal. Discovery of Jupiters Satellites Months passed, and his telescopes improved. On January 7, 1610, he turned his 30-power telescope toward Jupiter and found three small, bright stars near the planet. One was off to the west, the other two were to the east, all three in a straight line. The following evening, Galileo once again took a look at Jupiter and found that all three of the stars were now west of the planet, still in a straight line. Observations over the following weeks led Galileo to the inescapable conclusion that these small stars were actually small satellites that were rotating around Jupiter. If there were satellites that didnt move around the Earth, wasnt it possible that the Earth was not the center of the universe? Couldnt the  Copernican  idea of the sun resting at the center of the solar system be correct? Galileo Galilei published his findings in a small book titled The Starry Messenger. A total of 550 copies were published in March 1610, to tremendous public acclaim and excitement. It was the only one of Galileos writings in Latin; most of his work was published in Tuscan. Seeing Saturns Rings There continued to be more discoveries via the new telescope: the appearance of bumps next to the planet Saturn (Galileo thought they were companion stars; the stars were actually the edges of Saturns rings), spots on the Suns surface (though others had actually seen the spots before), and seeing Venus change from a full disk to a sliver of light. For Galileo Galilei, saying that the Earth went around the Sun changed everything since he was contradicting the teachings of the Catholic Church. While some of the churchs mathematicians wrote that his observations were clearly correct, many members of the church believed that he must be wrong. In December 1613, one of the scientists friends told him how a powerful member of the nobility said that she could not see how his observations could be true since they would contradict the Bible. The woman quoted a passage in Joshua in which God causes the sun to stand still and lengthen the day. How could this mean anything other than that the sun went around the Earth? Charged With Heresy Galileo was a religious man and agreed that the Bible could never be wrong. However, he said, the interpreters of the Bible could make mistakes, and it was a mistake to assume that the Bible had to be taken literally. That was one of Galileos major mistakes. At that time, only church priests were allowed to interpret the Bible or define Gods intentions. It was absolutely unthinkable for a mere member of the public to do so. Some of the church clergy started responding, accusing him of heresy. Some clerics went to the Inquisition, the Catholic Church court that investigated charges of heresy, and formally accused Galileo Galilei. This was a very serious matter. In 1600, a man named Giordano Bruno was convicted of being a heretic for believing that the Earth moved about the sun and that there were many planets throughout the universe where life—living creations of God—existed. Bruno was burned to death. However, Galileo was found innocent of all charges and was cautioned not to teach the Copernican system. Sixteen years later, all that would change. The Final Trial The following years saw Galileo work on other projects. With his telescope he watched the movements of Jupiters moons, recorded them as a list, and then came up with a way to use these measurements as a navigation tool. He developed a contraption that would allow a ship captain to navigate with his hands on the wheel, but the contraption looked like a horned helmet. As another amusement, Galileo started writing about ocean tides. Instead of writing his arguments as a scientific paper, he found that it was much more interesting to have an imaginary conversation, or dialogue, between three fictional characters. One character, who would support Galileos side of the argument, was brilliant. Another character would be open to either side of the argument. The final character, named Simplicio, was dogmatic and foolish, representing all of Galileos enemies who ignored any evidence that Galileo was right. Soon, he wrote up a similar dialogue called Dialogue on the Two Great Systems of the World. This book talked about the Copernican system. Inquisition and Death Dialogue was an immediate hit with the public, but not, of course, with the church. The pope suspected that he was the model for Simplicio. He ordered the book banned and also ordered the scientist to appear before the Inquisition in Rome for the crime of teaching the Copernican theory after being ordered not to do so. Galileo Galilei was 68 years old and sick. Threatened with torture, he publicly confessed that he had been wrong to have said that the Earth moves around the Sun. Legend then has it that after his confession, Galileo quietly whispered, and yet, it moves. Unlike many less famous prisoners, he was allowed to live under house arrest in his house outside of Florence and near one of his daughters, a nun. Until his death in 1642, he continued to investigate other areas of science. Amazingly, he even published a book on force and motion although he had been blinded by an eye infection. The Vatican Pardons Galileo in 1992 The Church eventually lifted the ban on Galileos Dialogue in 1822—by that time, it was common knowledge that the Earth was not the center of the Universe. Still later, there were statements by the Vatican Council in the early 1960s and in 1979 that implied that Galileo was pardoned and that he had suffered at the hands of the church. Finally, in 1992, three years after Galileo Galileis namesake had been launched on its way to Jupiter, the Vatican formally and publicly cleared Galileo of any wrongdoing. Sources Drake, Stillman. Galileo at Work: His Scientific Biography. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications Inc., 2003.Reston, Jr., James. Galileo: A Life. Washington DC: BeardBooks, 2000.  Van Helden, Albert. Galileo: Italian Philosopher, Astronomer and Mathematician. Encyclopedia Britannica, February 11, 2019.Wootton, David. Galileo: Watcher of the Skies. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2010.